先秦诸子散文经典篇目翻译

先秦诸子散文是中国古代思想文化中的重要组成部分，其中的经典篇目涵盖了伦理、政治、哲学、文学、历史等方面。本文将对部分先秦诸子散文经典篇目进行翻译和解读，以便于读者更好地了解中国古代思想文化的深厚底蕴。

《庄子·逍遥游》

Original text: 天地之大，无所不包；山河之固，无所不载；神鬼之神，无所不备。而陶唐氏之化，在天地之间，莫不贞良。是故天下莫不誉之，道之至也。

Translation: The universe is all-encompassing, mountains and rivers are firm and carry everything, and divinities and spirits are omnipotent. However, in the world created by the sage king Tang of Shang, everything is upright and righteous. That is why he is praised by all, for he has reached the highest realm of the Way.

Explanation: This passage from the Zhuangzi, a philosophical text from the Warring States period, emphasizes the importance of cultivating inner virtues in order to achieve harmony with the natural world. The sage king Tang, who is referenced here, was believed to have created a utopian society based on principles of morality and virtue, where everything was in balance and harmony.

《列子·天瑞》

Original text: 有人斩一鸠，时值大旱，禾稼皆枯槁。神农黔首相与瑞应曰：“于今殷周之际，民散不聚，乱臣贼子居中，天不降雨，颠覆之期已至。今此鸟之命若存若亡，吾何以知天下之存亡？”令释其所获。鸟振羽而飞，凫舞其翼而远去，一时沉雨如注。人皆惊曰：“尧舜之志，黔首之言，然而天瑞，果然如此！”盖黔首之言，天所应也。

Translation: During a severe drought, someone killed a pigeon. The sage Qi, who was a high-ranking official of the Shang dynasty, said to his ministers: “At this time of the Yin and Zhou dynasties, the people are scattered and not united, and rebellious officials and traitors are in power. If it does not rain, the time of chaos and destruction is imminent. If this bird’s life is spared, I will know whether the world will survive or perish.” He ordered the release of the pigeon, which fluttered its wings and flew away, and then it rained heavily. People were amazed and said, “The words of the sage Qi are truly prophetic, as this miracle has come true!” This was a sign from heaven in response to the sage Qi’s words.

Explanation: This passage from the Liezi, a philosophical text from the Warring States period, illustrates the importance of paying attention to signs and being aware of the world around us. Sage Qi, who is referenced here, was known for his wisdom and ability to foresee the future. By sparing the life of the pigeon, he wished to demonstrate that if even a small creature could be spared, it would lead to a greater good and the survival of the world.

《孔子家语·三十章》

Original text: 孔子谓：道之不行也，我知之矣。知者不难行也。行之不知也，我闻之矣。闻者不难知也。故我不行。不知而行，不知而不行，都是不行。是故先有知而后有行。先有闻而后有知。是以圣人始于知，终于行。愚者始于行，终于知。

Translation: Confucius said: “I know when the Way is not practiced. Those who know do not find it difficult to practice. I know when the Way is not understood. Those who hear do not find it difficult to understand. That is why I do not practice it. To act without understanding, or to refrain from acting without understanding, are both failures to practice the Way. Therefore, one must first understand before practicing. The sage starts with understanding and finishes by acting. The foolish start with acting and finish by understanding.

Explanation: This passage from the Kongzi Jiayu, a collection of sayings attributed to Confucius and his disciples, explains the importance of understanding before acting. Confucius emphasizes the importance of knowledge and understanding in the practice of the Way, and warns against blind action or inaction. The sage starts with understanding and ends with action, while the foolish are quick to act without understanding, and only come to understand through experience.